西大科研人员发现地球最早的隐居型环节动物丝鳃虫******
中新网西安2月3日电 (记者 阿琳娜)记者3日从西北大学获悉，研究人员通过形态和谱系分析发现，澄江拟管虫属于高度演化的环节动物，隶属于隐居型丝鳃虫类。该研究将环节动物门类蛰龙介虫目化石的发现从石炭纪前推到寒武纪早期，前推至少2亿年。
环节动物是现代重要的动物门类，在海洋和陆地都十分常见，目前已知至少有2万多种、81科，主要以蚯蚓、沙蚕和蚂蟥最为常见。目前研究认为环节动物门存在或起源于隐居类祖先，现代的扇毛虫(俗称笼头虫)就属于这个类群，但缺乏早期化石记录。
澄江化石库以精美的特异型软躯体化石保存而著名，化石再现了不同类型动物的消化道、管状血管、腿肢结构，甚至取食触手和刚毛。澄江动物群发现的化石已经超过220个属种，主要以节肢动物和各种蠕形泛节肢动物为主。但现代海洋中繁盛的软体动物、环节动物等底栖动物却十分少见。
基于西北大学早期生命研究所长期积累的15枚澄江拟管虫标本，该校地质学系张志飞教授课题组对该类化石进行了重新研究，研究表明，早期认为的帚虫动物事实上属于形态高度演化的多毛类扇毛虫。该类化石的研究表明环节动物的隐居型起源于寒武纪早期，进一步表明环节动物至少在澄江动物群甚至更早时期已经发生大辐射，也证明了保存精美软躯体化石的特异型化石库在不同门类的保存中存在较大的差异性。
地球生命有38亿年的历史，5.6亿年至5.2亿年前的寒武纪大爆发将地球划分为隐生宙和显生宙，成为地球演化的重要分水岭。长期研究认为寒武纪大爆发诞生了地球动物树的基本框架，诞生了现代动物门类的根，4.8亿年奥陶纪之后各门类的纲目科属种才大量出现，导致地球动物树才开始枝繁叶茂。
然而，寒武纪早期腕足动物研究，尤其最新的环节动物“丝鳃虫”的论证对这种传统认识提出了新的挑战，表明寒武纪大爆发并非只是动物门级干群祖先类型的出现，酷似现代海洋的动物属种也突发性出现在5.2亿年前的海洋中。
“此次研究表明，有些现生动物门类的大多数类型，如环节动物可能并不在特异型化石保存的环境中繁盛或生活。因此，特异型化石库并不能完全揭示地球生命演化的历史过程，尚需其他环境化石的约束和补充，这为进一步探索现生动物类群的化石空白提供新的思路和启示。”张志飞说。(完)
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
